The present paper is focused on the interplay of geography and politics in the most influential, yet fragmentary, poem of Callimachus Cyrenaeus, the Aetia. In the first place, we discuss the geographical as well as mythological references that relate to Thrace, its myths, deities, kings or culture. Next, we proceed to their interpretation with regard to the political agenda of Callimachus’ patrons, the Ptolemies, in the northern Aegean and the coastline of Thrace. We adopt geopoetics as our research methodology, that is, the theoretical model that interconnects geographical space and mythological time in classical literature with its contemporary political and historical events. We compare the references to Thrace in the first part of the Aetia (books one and two) with those in the second part (books 3 and 4) applying quantitative as well as qualitative criteria. We ascertain that there is a distinctive differentiation between the two parts of the work, a fact that corroborates the well-established thesis of contemporary researchers that they were written during the reign of and dedicated to two successive queens of Egypt, Arsinoe II, wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and Berenice II, wife of Ptolemy Euergetes, and were edited later as a comprehensive work around 245 B.C. In order to evaluate the political relevance of the geographical and mythological references to Thrace in the Aetia, we trace back to the historical events of the period. We conclude that the Thracian coastline was part of a broader colonial network of cities that the Ptolemies aspired to establish in the basin of the eastern Mediterranean. Respectively, we claim that the geographical references to Thrace in the Aetia are intergraded in Callimachus’ broader poetical project to enhance the profile of his patrons and legitimize their presence in Thrace, especially after the third Syrian War (246-241 B.C.).